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Energy price shocks had profound effects on Sweden's consumption patterns
23/04/2025 -In recent years, spending by individuals in Sweden has fluctuated a lot. Since 2022 these fluctuations can be linked to the large shock in the price of energy that followed cuts in the inflow of energy from Russia to Europe in the aftermath of...
Staff memo: How banks' mortgage rates are affected when the policy rate changes
24/04/2025 -How quickly and how much are the banks' mortgage rates adjusted when the Riksbank changes the policy rate? Does this pattern change when the policy rate is negative? This is analysed in a new study based on high-frequency data from Swedish banks...
Margins are central to manage counterparty risks, but can create liquidity risks
15/05/2025 -Margin is a key tool for managing counterparty risk in transactions involving derivative contracts. The use of margins and clearing at central counterparties (CCPs) are important keys to reducing contagion risks among derivatives market...
Instant payments contribute to innovation and efficiency – how to manage risks to boost development
20/05/2025 -Consumers have become accustomed to instant payments and expect to be able to make transactions quickly and securely. The benefits of instant payments are many. For instance, they contribute to increased innovation and efficiency in the payments...
Drivers and implications of the strong growth in consumption loans
15/01/2018 -Over the last year, the growth rate of consumption loans has increased sharply, from less than 3 per cent per year in mid-2016 to above 8 per cent in recent months. This development may increase the vulnerability of households to disturbances in...
Slowdown in foreign trade worrying for Swedish economy
22/05/2020 -Global trade has increased rapidly since the early 1990s, thanks to technological developments and increasingly liberal trade regulations. But, after the great recession of 2008–2009, this development has come to a halt. A return to a global...
No significant increase in financially vulnerable firms during the first year of the pandemic
28/10/2021 -The total number of financially vulnerable firms did not increase significantly during the first year of the pandemic compared to 2019. This is shown in a new study by Cristina Cella of the Riksbank's Financial Stability Department. However,...
Home equity extraction activities in Sweden
15/05/2020 -Estimates suggest that one-third of mortgage borrowers in Sweden have extracted home equity at least once during the period 2010 – 2017. Home equity extraction raises the debt-to-income ratio of households by 50-70 percentage points, which may...
Cryptoassets may entail risks to the financial system
19/05/2022 -Fintech contributes innovation and development in the financial system, but can also present challenges for authorities and risks to the financial system, particularly with regard to cryptoassets. As fintech and cryptoassets have increased in...
Alternative measures of labour market slack improve the analysis of inflation
08/11/2022 -Can alternative, more disaggregated measures of labour market slack improve inflation forecasts? Caroline Flodberg, Marie Hesselman and Mårten Löf investigate this issue in a Staff memo.