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Staff Memo: The problems with an ageing population can have a greater impact on forecasts
19/02/2025 -Ageing populations will hold back economic growth in many countries in the coming decades - Sweden is no exception. Demographics are already a factor in the Riksbank's forecasting, but major changes are now expected in a relatively short time.
Staff memo: Better access to data on emissions is needed
19/02/2025 -Banks have relatively small loans to the sectors that emit substantial amounts of greenhouse gases, so there is little to indicate that the introduction of a cost for emissions would have a major impact on Sweden's financial system. But the...
The cost of cross-border payments is not in line with G20 targets
27/02/2025 -The G20 has set a target that cross-border payments should cost a maximum of 1 per cent and 3 per cent depending on the type of payment made. The cross-border payments currently offered by the major Swedish banks cost considerably more than this...
Major companies behind growing foreign trade in services
25/03/2025 -Swedish exports and imports of services have steadily increased as a share of GDP in recent decades. Moreover, the growth rate has accelerated and risen sharply since 2019. A small number of multinational companies are behind the development.
How does the green transition affect the neutral interest rate?
23/06/2025 -In a new staff memo, two economists at the Riksbank’s Monetary Policy Department analyse how the green transition can affect the neutral interest rate, in a model consisting of a green sector and a fossil-based sector, along with an...
The money market is central to the implementation of monetary policy
21/08/2024 -In a new staff memo, the authors show that interest rates in the money market were affected in the way that could be expected when the Riksbank raised the policy rate in 2022 and 2023. The staff memo also illustrates transaction patterns,...
Can equity price movements be better explained when taking interest rates directly into account?
02/11/2021 -Equity valuation metrics, such as the cyclically adjusted P/E (CAPE) ratio, can help explain subsequent stock price movements in Sweden. This is one of the conclusions in a new staff memo where the authors evaluate the explanatory power of two...
Riksbank bond purchases also lower short-term interest rates
16/12/2021 -A stated objective of central bank bond purchases is to lower long-term interest rates. The government bond purchases of the Swedish central bank, the Riksbank, have, however, also lowered interest rates for short-term holding periods. These...
Exchange rate and balance of payments – a correlation that got lost?
29/04/2021 -There is no clear picture of how the relationship between the exchange rate and the real and financial transactions between countries functions in practice.
A study of the Swedish derivative market
10/06/2021 -The derivative market is large, both in Sweden and globally. In Sweden, the derivative market is 16 times the size of GDP, or 5 times the size of the Swedish banking sector's total assets. At the same time, the Swedish market only amounts to...