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New Staff Memo: SWESTR’s design is robust
23/05/2023 -Compared to the current design of SWESTR, a number of alternative designs have a very small impact on the average level and volatility of the reference rate. This is indicated by the analysis in a new Staff Memo by David Petersson and Ingrid...
Swedish exports to the USA - which sectors are most affected by higher tariffs?
30/05/2025 -The Swedish economy is closely linked to the United States, both directly and through global value chains, and Swedish exports to the United States have increased in recent years. The United States is Sweden's third largest destination for...
New indicator for risks and vulnerabilities in the Swedish financial system
28/05/2020 -A new indicator of risks and vulnerabilities in the Swedish financial system – the systemic risk indicator – is presented in a new Staff Memo. The indicator shall primarily be used to measure and illustrate risks and vulnerabilities that can...
Can digital central bank currencies function as cash?
16/02/2021 -Many central banks are currently researching the possibility of issuing digital money (central bank digital currency - CBDC) as a complement to the central bank money we use today, namely cash. However, digital central bank currencies would not...
Exchange rate and balance of payments – a correlation that got lost?
29/04/2021 -There is no clear picture of how the relationship between the exchange rate and the real and financial transactions between countries functions in practice.
The cost of cross-border payments is not in line with G20 targets
27/02/2025 -The G20 has set a target that cross-border payments should cost a maximum of 1 per cent and 3 per cent depending on the type of payment made. The cross-border payments currently offered by the major Swedish banks cost considerably more than this...
Drivers and implications of the strong growth in consumption loans
15/01/2018 -Over the last year, the growth rate of consumption loans has increased sharply, from less than 3 per cent per year in mid-2016 to above 8 per cent in recent months. This development may increase the vulnerability of households to disturbances in...
Slowdown in foreign trade worrying for Swedish economy
22/05/2020 -Global trade has increased rapidly since the early 1990s, thanks to technological developments and increasingly liberal trade regulations. But, after the great recession of 2008–2009, this development has come to a halt. A return to a global...
No significant increase in financially vulnerable firms during the first year of the pandemic
28/10/2021 -The total number of financially vulnerable firms did not increase significantly during the first year of the pandemic compared to 2019. This is shown in a new study by Cristina Cella of the Riksbank's Financial Stability Department. However,...
Instant payments contribute to innovation and efficiency – how to manage risks to boost development
20/05/2025 -Consumers have become accustomed to instant payments and expect to be able to make transactions quickly and securely. The benefits of instant payments are many. For instance, they contribute to increased innovation and efficiency in the payments...