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New Staff Memo: SWESTR’s design is robust
23/05/2023 -Compared to the current design of SWESTR, a number of alternative designs have a very small impact on the average level and volatility of the reference rate. This is indicated by the analysis in a new Staff Memo by David Petersson and Ingrid...
International cooperation needed to manage the risks of stablecoins
11/11/2025 -Stablecoins have the potential to improve payment services by making payments faster and programmable. But stablecoins can also pose a threat to financial stability, consumer protection and trust in money. Strong international cooperation is an...
Does inflation rise when the policy rate is raised?
12/01/2024 -Although there is broad consensus that inflation falls when the central bank raises its policy rate, there are mechanisms and channels that may lead to the opposite effect. For example, interest rates also represent a cost for households and...
Market situations affect investor behaviour
24/05/2024 -Investor behaviour can affect the functioning of markets and create risks. In a new staff memo, the author examines how investor behaviour has changed over time and varied depending on market situations. Since 2020, different market situations...
Changes in credit assessments may amplify economic fluctuations
12/06/2024 -When a lender conducts a credit assessment, it involves evaluating a borrower's ability to service a new loan. In a new staff memo, simple calculations show that changes in credit assessment components can have a significant impact on...
European equivalents to Swish want to enable cross-border payments
13/01/2026 -Several European equivalents to Swish have started active cooperation to link their systems together to facilitate mobile payments between countries. If successful, this would allow individuals to use their existing payment apps to send payments...
Staff Memo: Appropriate capital ratios in major Swedish banks – new perspectives
17/01/2018 -The authors of a new Staff Memo present new calculations showing that higher capital ratios for the major Swedish banks could be justified because the social benefit be expected to outweigh the social cost. These calculations indicate that an...
Can equity price movements be better explained when taking interest rates directly into account?
02/11/2021 -Equity valuation metrics, such as the cyclically adjusted P/E (CAPE) ratio, can help explain subsequent stock price movements in Sweden. This is one of the conclusions in a new staff memo where the authors evaluate the explanatory power of two...
Can digital central bank currencies function as cash?
16/02/2021 -Many central banks are currently researching the possibility of issuing digital money (central bank digital currency - CBDC) as a complement to the central bank money we use today, namely cash. However, digital central bank currencies would not...
How the Riksbank's asset purchases during the pandemic affected various financial prices
11/03/2022 -The Riksbank’s asset purchases during the pandemic contributed to more expansionary financial conditions via lower yields, in particular on municipal bonds and covered bonds, a somewhat weaker krona and slightly higher equity prices. This is...