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Instant payments contribute to innovation and efficiency – how to manage risks to boost development
20/05/2025 -Consumers have become accustomed to instant payments and expect to be able to make transactions quickly and securely. The benefits of instant payments are many. For instance, they contribute to increased innovation and efficiency in the payments...
Staff memo: How banks' mortgage rates are affected when the policy rate changes
24/04/2025 -How quickly and how much are the banks' mortgage rates adjusted when the Riksbank changes the policy rate? Does this pattern change when the policy rate is negative? This is analysed in a new study based on high-frequency data from Swedish banks...
Energy price shocks had profound effects on Sweden's consumption patterns
23/04/2025 -In recent years, spending by individuals in Sweden has fluctuated a lot. Since 2022 these fluctuations can be linked to the large shock in the price of energy that followed cuts in the inflow of energy from Russia to Europe in the aftermath of...
The private equity industry is large, international and opaque
06/02/2025 -From an international standpoint, the Swedish private equity industry is notable for having relatively large private equity firms that manage capital from international investors. Analysis in a new Staff Memo shows that the private equity...
Better forecasting with AI-based models
02/04/2025 -AI-based models outperform traditional time series models in forecasting Swedish GDP and inflation. This is according to a survey conducted by economists at the Riksbank's Monetary Policy Department.
Does inflation rise when the policy rate is raised?
12/01/2024 -Although there is broad consensus that inflation falls when the central bank raises its policy rate, there are mechanisms and channels that may lead to the opposite effect. For example, interest rates also represent a cost for households and...
Swedish net exports are largely made up of goods that have been produced abroad
17/01/2018 -The authors of a new staff memo show that Sweden's current account surplus is no longer due to the traditional trade in goods. Instead, it is what is known as merchanting, the trade margin that arises between the purchase price and the sale...
Drivers and implications of the strong growth in consumption loans
15/01/2018 -Over the last year, the growth rate of consumption loans has increased sharply, from less than 3 per cent per year in mid-2016 to above 8 per cent in recent months. This development may increase the vulnerability of households to disturbances in...
Staff Memo: Monetary-fiscal interactions when Ricardian equivalence fails
20/04/2026 -When Ricardian equivalence applies, the interaction between monetary and fiscal policy is limited. However, when the equivalence is broken, for example due to household liquidity constraints or fiscal dominance, a clear pattern emerges. Supply...
Staff memo: Better access to data on emissions is needed
19/02/2025 -Banks have relatively small loans to the sectors that emit substantial amounts of greenhouse gases, so there is little to indicate that the introduction of a cost for emissions would have a major impact on Sweden's financial system. But the...