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Distributed denial-of-service attacks can affect access to financial services
06/11/2025 -In recent years, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks have become both more numerous and more complex. Sweden has experienced several serious attacks that have targeted essential digital infrastructure. Gabriella Ström of the Riksbank's...
How would the Swedish economy be affected by a fiscal tightening in the USA?
23/10/2025 -The US federal government’s debt-to-GDP ratio is close to historically high levels and many analysts say that this development is not sustainable. This Economic Commentary estimates the impact on the Swedish economy in a hypothetical scenario...
Risk of future housing surplus – smaller municipalities most vulnerable
08/04/2026 -There is an increasing risk that Sweden’s housing supply will exceed demand over the next decade. This trend may lead to rising vacancy rates, especially in smaller municipalities, which in turn may affect revenues and property values for...
Same objectives but different trade-offs? Norges Bank and the Riksbank after the post-pandemic inflation surge
02/07/2026 -Inflation in Sweden and Norway has diverged somewhat following the inflation surge in 2022–2023. Despite a higher policy rate in Norway, Norwegian inflation remains above target, while Swedish inflation was below in early 2026. In an Economic...
Which measure of inflation works best depends on the situation
21/02/2024 -Central banks around the world often use the term “core inflation” to describe longer-term trends in inflation. But how good are these measures at forecasting future CPIF inflation? This question is answered in a new Economic Commentary by...
Changes in population composition will lead to slower labour force growth
07/11/2023 -Demographic changes in the coming years mean that both the labour force and employment are expected to grow more slowly than over the past decade. This is according to a study by Iida Häkkinen Skans and Pernilla Wasén, who work in the Monetary...
How should we view the development of the krona?
28/03/2023 -The Swedish krona weakened significantly in 2022. Is there any explanation for the long-term development of the krona? Does the weaker krona indicate weakness in the Swedish economy and what role does monetary policy play? Carl-Johan Belfrage,...
Banks can improve the way they measure liquidity risks
13/02/2023 -A new Economic Commentary describes how a supplementary liquidity metric, based on Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR), can be calculated to take account of the additional liquidity need required for banks to be able to cope throughout the entire...
What does research say about the effects of central bank balance sheet policies?
24/02/2021 -Central banks’ purchases of assets and other forms of balance sheet policies have had a positive effect on output and inflation. This is the conclusion of an analysis of the research literature carried out in the United States, the euro area and...
More global companies can subdue the effects of the krona exchange rate on exports
13/09/2018 -A krona depreciation is expected to lead to increased exports. But as Swedish companies have become increasingly integrated in global production networks over the last 30 years, the krona exchange rate may have less of an effect on exports. This...