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Changes in credit assessments may amplify economic fluctuations
12/06/2024 -When a lender conducts a credit assessment, it involves evaluating a borrower's ability to service a new loan. In a new staff memo, simple calculations show that changes in credit assessment components can have a significant impact on...
Swedish net exports are largely made up of goods that have been produced abroad
17/01/2018 -The authors of a new staff memo show that Sweden's current account surplus is no longer due to the traditional trade in goods. Instead, it is what is known as merchanting, the trade margin that arises between the purchase price and the sale...
Can digital central bank currencies function as cash?
16/02/2021 -Many central banks are currently researching the possibility of issuing digital money (central bank digital currency - CBDC) as a complement to the central bank money we use today, namely cash. However, digital central bank currencies would not...
New indicator for risks and vulnerabilities in the Swedish financial system
28/05/2020 -A new indicator of risks and vulnerabilities in the Swedish financial system – the systemic risk indicator – is presented in a new Staff Memo. The indicator shall primarily be used to measure and illustrate risks and vulnerabilities that can...
Sharp rise in number of borrowers among older people
20/03/2018 -The average debt-to-income ratio of households increased from 289 to 311 per cent between 2010 and 2016. During the same period, the median debt-to-income ratio rose from 221 to 258 per cent. The number of people aged around 35 who borrow – the...
Import prices, labour costs and profits – what role have they played in inflation dynamics?
29/09/2023 -What is the significance of rising prices on imported goods and services, and what role have corporate profits and labour costs played in inflation dynamics?...
New mapping of the investment fund sector's cross-border links
08/08/2023 -A new Staff Memo has for the first time mapped the Swedish cross-border links generated by the investment portfolios of the rapidly growing investment fund sector. The author, Samantha Myers, senior economist at the Financial stability...
International cooperation needed to manage the risks of stablecoins
11/11/2025 -Stablecoins have the potential to improve payment services by making payments faster and programmable. But stablecoins can also pose a threat to financial stability, consumer protection and trust in money. Strong international cooperation is an...
Margins are central to manage counterparty risks, but can create liquidity risks
15/05/2025 -Margin is a key tool for managing counterparty risk in transactions involving derivative contracts. The use of margins and clearing at central counterparties (CCPs) are important keys to reducing contagion risks among derivatives market...
Market situations affect investor behaviour
24/05/2024 -Investor behaviour can affect the functioning of markets and create risks. In a new staff memo, the author examines how investor behaviour has changed over time and varied depending on market situations. Since 2020, different market situations...