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New Staff Memo: SWESTR’s design is robust
23/05/2023 -Compared to the current design of SWESTR, a number of alternative designs have a very small impact on the average level and volatility of the reference rate. This is indicated by the analysis in a new Staff Memo by David Petersson and Ingrid...
Swedish exports to the USA - which sectors are most affected by higher tariffs?
30/05/2025 -The Swedish economy is closely linked to the United States, both directly and through global value chains, and Swedish exports to the United States have increased in recent years. The United States is Sweden's third largest destination for...
Can digital central bank currencies function as cash?
16/02/2021 -Many central banks are currently researching the possibility of issuing digital money (central bank digital currency - CBDC) as a complement to the central bank money we use today, namely cash. However, digital central bank currencies would not...
Exchange rate and balance of payments – a correlation that got lost?
29/04/2021 -There is no clear picture of how the relationship between the exchange rate and the real and financial transactions between countries functions in practice.
New indicator for risks and vulnerabilities in the Swedish financial system
28/05/2020 -A new indicator of risks and vulnerabilities in the Swedish financial system – the systemic risk indicator – is presented in a new Staff Memo. The indicator shall primarily be used to measure and illustrate risks and vulnerabilities that can...
The cost of cross-border payments is not in line with G20 targets
27/02/2025 -The G20 has set a target that cross-border payments should cost a maximum of 1 per cent and 3 per cent depending on the type of payment made. The cross-border payments currently offered by the major Swedish banks cost considerably more than this...
Energy price shocks had profound effects on Sweden's consumption patterns
23/04/2025 -In recent years, spending by individuals in Sweden has fluctuated a lot. Since 2022 these fluctuations can be linked to the large shock in the price of energy that followed cuts in the inflow of energy from Russia to Europe in the aftermath of...
Staff memo: How banks' mortgage rates are affected when the policy rate changes
24/04/2025 -How quickly and how much are the banks' mortgage rates adjusted when the Riksbank changes the policy rate? Does this pattern change when the policy rate is negative? This is analysed in a new study based on high-frequency data from Swedish banks...
Margins are central to manage counterparty risks, but can create liquidity risks
15/05/2025 -Margin is a key tool for managing counterparty risk in transactions involving derivative contracts. The use of margins and clearing at central counterparties (CCPs) are important keys to reducing contagion risks among derivatives market...
Instant payments contribute to innovation and efficiency – how to manage risks to boost development
20/05/2025 -Consumers have become accustomed to instant payments and expect to be able to make transactions quickly and securely. The benefits of instant payments are many. For instance, they contribute to increased innovation and efficiency in the payments...