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Staff Memo: Effects of monetary policy in small open economies
01/06/2026 -Inflation targeting has now been conducted in many small open economies, such as Sweden’s, for around three decades. A new staff memo analyses the impact of monetary policy on GDP, unemployment, inflation and exchange rates in ten countries with...
Banks’ profitability exceeds the market’s required return
11/06/2026 -The major Swedish banks have had strong earnings in relation to the risk that the equity market considers their operations to entail. This is shown in a new analysis that examines banks’ profitability in relation to an estimated market-based...
Does inflation rise when the policy rate is raised?
12/01/2024 -Although there is broad consensus that inflation falls when the central bank raises its policy rate, there are mechanisms and channels that may lead to the opposite effect. For example, interest rates also represent a cost for households and...
Changes in credit assessments may amplify economic fluctuations
12/06/2024 -When a lender conducts a credit assessment, it involves evaluating a borrower's ability to service a new loan. In a new staff memo, simple calculations show that changes in credit assessment components can have a significant impact on...
European equivalents to Swish want to enable cross-border payments
13/01/2026 -Several European equivalents to Swish have started active cooperation to link their systems together to facilitate mobile payments between countries. If successful, this would allow individuals to use their existing payment apps to send payments...
International cooperation needed to manage the risks of stablecoins
11/11/2025 -Stablecoins have the potential to improve payment services by making payments faster and programmable. But stablecoins can also pose a threat to financial stability, consumer protection and trust in money. Strong international cooperation is an...
Smaller banks are also important when assessing systemic risk in the banking sector
21/10/2025 -The market-based systemic risk measure SRISK is used to estimate banks' expected capital shortfalls in a crisis. For the first time, the calculations include all Swedish banks. The results show that the major banks account for most of the...
Market situations affect investor behaviour
24/05/2024 -Investor behaviour can affect the functioning of markets and create risks. In a new staff memo, the author examines how investor behaviour has changed over time and varied depending on market situations. Since 2020, different market situations...
The possible impact of the digital euro on Sweden
14/05/2024 -Eurosystem central banks are well advanced in their efforts to design a central bank digital currency, known as a digital euro. A digital euro is mainly intended for use within the euro area. However, a legislative proposal from the European...
New Staff Memo: SWESTR’s design is robust
23/05/2023 -Compared to the current design of SWESTR, a number of alternative designs have a very small impact on the average level and volatility of the reference rate. This is indicated by the analysis in a new Staff Memo by David Petersson and Ingrid...